中國(guó)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)名稱（中英對(duì)照）

中國(guó)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)名稱中英對(duì)照

全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)National People's Congress (NPC)

主席團(tuán)Presidium

常務(wù)委員會(huì)Standing Committee

辦公廳General Office

秘書處Secretariat

代表資格審查委員會(huì)Credentials Committee

提案審查委員會(huì)Motions Examination Committee

民族委員會(huì)Ethnic Affairs Committee

法律委員會(huì)Law Committee

財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì)Finance Affairs Committee

外事委員會(huì)Foreign and Economy Committee

教育，科學(xué)，文化委員會(huì)Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee

內(nèi)務(wù)司法委員會(huì)Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs

華僑委員會(huì)Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee

法制委員會(huì)Commission of Legislative Affairs

特定問(wèn)題委員會(huì)Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions

憲法修改委員會(huì)Committee for Revision of the Constitution

中華人民共和國(guó)主席President of the People's Republic of China

中央軍事委員會(huì)Central Military Commission

最高人民法院Supreme People's Court

最高人民檢察院Supreme People's Procuratorate

國(guó)務(wù)院State Council

  

(1)國(guó)務(wù)院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council  

外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs

國(guó)防部Ministry of National Defence

國(guó)家發(fā)展計(jì)劃委員State Development Planning Commission

國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)State Economic and Trade Commission

教育部Ministry of Education

科學(xué)技術(shù)部Ministry of Science and Technology

國(guó)家科學(xué)技術(shù)工業(yè)委員會(huì)Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence

國(guó)家民族事務(wù)委員會(huì)State Ethnic Affairs Commission

公安部 Ministry of Public Security

國(guó)家安全部 Ministry of State Security

監(jiān)察部 Ministry of Supervision

民政部 Ministry of Civil Affairs

司法部 Ministry of Justice

財(cái)政部 Ministry of Finance

人事部 Ministry of Personnel

勞動(dòng)和社會(huì)保障部 Ministry of Labour and Social Security

國(guó)土資源部Ministry of Land and Resources

建設(shè)部Ministry of Construction

鐵路部 Ministry of Railways

交通部 Ministry of Communications

信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部 Ministry of Information Industry

水利部Ministry of Water Resources

農(nóng)業(yè)部Ministry of Agriculture

對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation

文化部Ministry of Culture

衛(wèi)生部Ministry of Public Health

國(guó)家計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)State Family Planning Commission

中國(guó)人民銀行People's Bank of China

國(guó)家審計(jì)署State Auditing Administration

  

(2)國(guó)務(wù)院辦事機(jī)構(gòu)Offices under that State Council  

國(guó)務(wù)院辦公廳General Office of the State Council

僑務(wù)辦公廳Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs

港澳辦公廳Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office

臺(tái)灣辦公廳Taiwan Affairs Office

法制辦公廳Office of Legislative Affairs

經(jīng)濟(jì)體制辦公廳Office for Economic Restructuring

國(guó)務(wù)院研究室Research Office of the State Council

新聞辦公室Information Office  

 

(3)國(guó)務(wù)院直屬機(jī)構(gòu)Departments Directly under the State Council   

海關(guān)總署General Administration of Customs

國(guó)家稅務(wù)總局State Taxation Administration

國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)總局State Environmental Protection Administration

中國(guó)民用航空總局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)

國(guó)家廣播電影電視總局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television

國(guó)家體育總局State Physical Cultural Administration

國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局State Statistics Bureau

國(guó)家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce

新聞出版署Press and Publication Administration

國(guó)家版權(quán)局State Copyright Bureau

國(guó)家林業(yè)局State Forestry Bureau

國(guó)家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

國(guó)家藥品監(jiān)督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)

國(guó)家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)

國(guó)家旅游局National Tourism Administration

國(guó)家宗教事務(wù)局State Bureau of Religious Affairs

國(guó)務(wù)院參事室Counsellors' Office of the State Council

國(guó)務(wù)院機(jī)關(guān)事務(wù)管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council

  

(4)國(guó)務(wù)院直屬事業(yè)單位Institutions Directly under the State Council  

新華通訊社Xinhua News Agency

中國(guó)科學(xué)院Chinese Academy of Sciences

中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

中國(guó)工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering

國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council

國(guó)家行政學(xué)院National School of Administration

中國(guó)地震局China Seismological Bureau

中國(guó)氣象局China Meteorological Bureau

中國(guó)證券監(jiān)督管理委員會(huì)China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)

  

(5)部委管理的國(guó)家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission) 

國(guó)家糧食儲(chǔ)備局(國(guó)家發(fā)展計(jì)劃委員會(huì))State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)

國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易局 State Bureau of Internal Trade

國(guó)家煤炭工業(yè)局 State Bureau of Coal Industry

國(guó)家機(jī)械工業(yè)局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry

國(guó)家冶金工業(yè)局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry

國(guó)家石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry

國(guó)家輕工業(yè)局State Bureau of Light Industry

國(guó)家紡織工業(yè)局State Bureau of Textile Industry

國(guó)家建筑材料工業(yè)局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry

國(guó)家煙草專賣局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau

國(guó)家有色金屬工業(yè)局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry

  

(以上由國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)

  

國(guó)家外國(guó)專家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)

國(guó)家海洋局(國(guó)土資源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)

國(guó)家測(cè)繪局(國(guó)土資源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)

國(guó)家郵政局(信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)

國(guó)家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)

國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局(衛(wèi)生部) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)

國(guó)家外匯管理局(中國(guó)人民銀行總行) State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People's Bank of China)

國(guó)家出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局(海關(guān)總署) State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)

聯(lián)合國(guó)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯

International Court of Justice 國(guó)際法院

Security Council 安全理事會(huì)

General Assembly 聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)

Secretariat 秘書處

Office of the Secretary General 秘書長(zhǎng)辦公室

　　Office of Legal Affairs 法務(wù)局

　　Department of Political and Security Council Affairs 證治安全局

　　Department of Economic and Social Affairs 經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)局

　　Office of Public Information 公共資料處

　　Department of Conference Services 會(huì)議局

　　Office of General Services 總務(wù)處

United Nation Conference on Trade and Development Secretariat 　　

聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易開發(fā)事物局

　　Unite Nation Industrial Development Organization 聯(lián)合國(guó)工業(yè)開發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)

　　United Nations Administrative Tribunal 聯(lián)合國(guó)行政裁判所

　　International Law Commission 國(guó)際法委員會(huì)

　　United Nation s Commission on International Trade Law國(guó)際貿(mào)易法委員會(huì)

Committee on the peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction 　　

公海海底海床和平利用特別委員會(huì)

Enlarged Committee for Program and Coordination,ECPC 　　

擴(kuò)大計(jì)劃調(diào)整委員會(huì)

　　Economic and Social Council 經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)理事會(huì)

　　Statistical Commission 統(tǒng)計(jì)委員會(huì)

　　Population Commission 人口委員會(huì)

　　Commission for Social Development 社會(huì)開發(fā)委員會(huì)

　　Commission on Human Rights 人權(quán)委員會(huì)

　　Commission on the Status of Women 婦女地位委員會(huì)

　　Commission on Narcotic Drugs 麻醉藥委員會(huì)

　　Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations 民間機(jī)構(gòu)委員會(huì)

　　Committee on Housing, Building and Planning　住宅建筑企劃委員會(huì)

　　Committee for Development Planning 開發(fā)計(jì)劃委員會(huì)

　　Special Committee on Peace-Keeping Operations 維護(hù)和平活動(dòng)特別委員會(huì)

　　United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易開發(fā)會(huì)議

　　Trade and Development Board,TDB 聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)委員會(huì)

　　United Nations Development Program,UNDP 聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃處

　　United Nation Children's Fund,UNICEF 聯(lián)合國(guó)兒童基金會(huì)

United Nations Industrial Development Organization,UNIDO

聯(lián)合國(guó)工業(yè)開發(fā)組織

United Nations Capital Development Fund,UNCDF　 　

聯(lián)合國(guó)資本開發(fā)基金會(huì)

United Nations Institute for Training and Research,UNITR 　　

聯(lián)合國(guó)調(diào)查訓(xùn)練研究所

　　United Nations FAO Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Program 　　

        聯(lián)合國(guó)FAO世界糧食計(jì)劃國(guó)際委員會(huì)

　　International Narcotics Control Board,INCB國(guó)際麻醉藥管制委員會(huì)

　　Trusteeship Council 信托投資理事會(huì)

　　International Labor Organization,ILO國(guó)際勞工組織

　　Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO 聯(lián)合國(guó)糧食農(nóng)業(yè)組織

　　United Nation Educational Scientific and Culture Organization,UNESCO　　

        聯(lián)合國(guó)教育科學(xué)文化組織

　　International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO國(guó)際民間航空組織

　　World Health Organization,WHO世界衛(wèi)生組織

　　International Telecommunications Union,ITU國(guó)際電信同盟

　　World Meteorological Organization,WMO世界氣象組織

　　Universal Postal Union,UPU萬(wàn)國(guó)郵政聯(lián)盟

　　International Maritime Consultative Organzation,IMCO國(guó)際海事協(xié)議組織

　　International Finance Corporation,IFC國(guó)際金融組織

　　International Monetary Fund,IMF國(guó)際貨幣基金會(huì)

　　International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,IBRD 世界銀行

　　International Development Association,IDA 國(guó)際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)

　　General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT 有關(guān)關(guān)稅貿(mào)易一般規(guī)定

　　International Atomic Energy Agency,IAEA 國(guó)際原子能組織

　　World Federation of Trade Unions,WFTU 世界勞工組織

　　International Confederation of Free Trade Unions,ICFTU國(guó)際自由勞工聯(lián)盟

　　International Chamber of Commerce,ICC 國(guó)際工農(nóng)商會(huì)

　　International Federation of Agricultural Producers,IFAC國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)聯(lián)盟

　　Inter-Parliamentary Union,IPU 諸國(guó)會(huì)議同盟

　　International Organization of Employers,IOE 國(guó)際雇傭者組織

　　World Veterans Federation,WVF 世界退伍軍人聯(lián)盟

　　International Union of Local Authorities,IULA 世界地方自治聯(lián)盟

　　United Towns Organization,UTO 姊妹市團(tuán)體聯(lián)盟

中共中央委員會(huì)CPC      Central Committee
中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十六次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)     16th National Congress of Communist Party of China (16th NCCPC)
中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議全國(guó)委員會(huì)（簡(jiǎn)稱 全國(guó)政協(xié)）    National Committee of the Chinese People\'s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議全國(guó)委員會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)     Standing committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC
中國(guó)政協(xié)委員    member of the National Committee of CPPCC
中央紀(jì)律檢查委員會(huì)    Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

金融、保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)

中國(guó)人民銀行 People\'s Bank of China
中國(guó)人民建設(shè)銀行 People\'s Construction Bank of China
中國(guó)工商銀行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)銀行 Agricultural Bank of China
中國(guó)銀行 Bank of China
交通銀行 Bank of Communications
中國(guó)投資銀行 China Investment Bank
中信實(shí)業(yè)銀行 CITIC Industrial Bank
中國(guó)光大銀行 Everbright Bank of China
廈門國(guó)際銀行 Xiamen International Bank
廣東發(fā)展銀行 Guangdong Development Bank
浦東發(fā)展銀行 Pudong Development Bank
中國(guó)國(guó)際信托投資公司 China International Trust ＆ Investment Corporation
中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司 People\'s Insurance Company of China
平安保險(xiǎn)公司 Ping An Insurance Company
中國(guó)人壽保險(xiǎn)公司 China Life Insurance Company Ltd.

世貿(mào)組織

《巴黎公約》(關(guān)于保護(hù)工業(yè)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的公約)      Paris Convention
《巴塞爾公約》（有關(guān)危險(xiǎn)廢棄物的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定）  Basel Convention
《北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》     NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
《瀕危物種國(guó)際貿(mào)易公約》    Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
《伯爾尼公約》（有關(guān)保護(hù)文學(xué)和藝術(shù)作品版權(quán)的公約）    Berne Convention
《多種纖維協(xié)定》    MFA (Multifibre Agreement)
《紡織品與服裝協(xié)議》    ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)
《服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定》    GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)
《關(guān)于爭(zhēng)端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒解》    DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)
《京都議定書》     Kyoto Protocol
《里斯本條約》（有關(guān)地理標(biāo)識(shí)及其國(guó)際注冊(cè)）    Lisbon Agreement
《蒙特利爾議定書》(有關(guān)保護(hù)大氣臭氧層的多邊環(huán)境協(xié)定)     Montreal Protocol
《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品協(xié)議》特殊保障     SSG (Special Safeguard)
《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議》中關(guān)于反補(bǔ)貼的和平條款    Peace clause
《生物多樣性公約》     CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity)
《信息技術(shù)協(xié)議》     ITA (Information Technology Agreement)
WTO最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家高級(jí)別會(huì)議     HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)
北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)      NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)

東部和南部非洲共同市場(chǎng)     COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)
東盟自由貿(mào)易區(qū)     ASEAN Free Trade Area
動(dòng)植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施     SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )

非洲、加勒比和太平洋國(guó)家集團(tuán)（洛美協(xié)定）    ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理/評(píng)估     risk management/ assessment
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定，世界貿(mào)易組織的前身      GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
規(guī)避     Circumvention
國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織     ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
國(guó)際紡織品服裝局    ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)
國(guó)際貨幣基金組織    IMF (International Monetary Fund)
國(guó)際勞工組織     ILO (International Labor Organization)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易中心     ITC (International Trade Center)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易組織     ITO (International Trade Organization)
國(guó)際貿(mào)易組織臨時(shí)委員會(huì)    ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization)
國(guó)際清算     international settlement
國(guó)際收支     balance of international payments/ balance of payment
國(guó)際收支條款    BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions
國(guó)際獸疫組織    International Office of Epizootics

經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織      OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
垃圾融資     junk financing
聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境署     UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)
聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署    UNDP (United Nations Development Program)
聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織    FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States)
聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會(huì)議    UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)
糧食安全    Food security
慢性蕭條    chronic depression　
貿(mào)易和投資自由化和便利化    TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)
貿(mào)易與發(fā)展委員會(huì)     Committee on Trade and Development
貿(mào)易與環(huán)境委員會(huì)     Committee on Trade and Environment
模式     Modalities
南方共同市場(chǎng)（或稱南錐體共同市場(chǎng)）     MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)
南亞區(qū)域合作聯(lián)盟     SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation)
歐洲自由貿(mào)易聯(lián)盟     EFTA (European Free Trade Association)

食品法典委員會(huì)    CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission)
世界海關(guān)組織    WCO (World Customs Organization)
世界貿(mào)易組織    WTO (World Trade Organization)
世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織     WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)
市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)人的行政管理措施    AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)

協(xié)調(diào)制度（商品名稱及編碼協(xié)調(diào)制度）    HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)

知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)    IPRs (Intellectual property rights)

轉(zhuǎn)基因生物    GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
祖父條款      grandfather clause
最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家    LDCs (Least-developed countries)
最初談判權(quán)(初談權(quán))     INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)
最惠國(guó)待遇（現(xiàn)通常稱\'正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系\'）    MFN（most-favored-nation) treatment
最惠國(guó)貿(mào)易地位(待遇)      MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)

WTO術(shù)語(yǔ)英文解釋

 

General

GATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements.
GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.
GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.
Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).
MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment — The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals. GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.
TPRB, TPRM — The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the Trade
Policy Review Mechanism.
transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.
Uruguay Round — Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.

ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.
I WCO — World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.

TA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.

ATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.

CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC.
integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January
1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.
ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.
MFA — Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.
swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.
TMB — The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.

BSE — Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”.

CAP — Common Agricultural Policy — The EU’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.

EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.

CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity.

TRIPS — Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.
UPOV — International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
Washington Treaty — Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs of integrated circuits.
WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization.

FDI — Foreign direct investment.

TRIMS — Trade-related investment measures.

DSB — Dispute Settlement Body — when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes.
DSU — The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.
nullification and impairment — Damage to a country’s benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another country’s change in its trade regime or failure to carry out its WTO
obligations.

GATS — The WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services.

ACP — African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement.
Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.
APEC — Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.
ASEAN — Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO — Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam.
Caricom — The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries.
CTD — The WTO Committee on Trade and Development
Customs union — Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the EC).
EC — European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO).
EFTA — European Free Trade Association.
free trade area — Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).
G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement.
G77 — Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the first UNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).
G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States.
GRULAC — Informal group of Latin-American members of the WTO.
GSP — Generalized System of Preferences — programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries.
HLM — WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva.
ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.
LDCs — Least-developed countries.
MERCOSUR — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
NAFTA — North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US.
Quad — Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.
SACU — Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
S&D — “Special and differential treatment” provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.
UNCITRAL — United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement.
UNCTAD — The UN Conference on Trade and Development.

Trade and environment

Agenda 21 — The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro.
Article XX — GATT Article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules.
Basel Convention — An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.
BTA — Border tax adjustment
CITES — Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. An MEA.
CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.
EST — Environmentally-sound technology.
EST&P — EST and products.
ex ante, ex post — Before and after a measure is applied.
LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.
MEA — Multilateral environmental agreement.
Montreal Protocol — An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer.
PPM — Process and production method.
TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
waiver — Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.